Background & Aims: Antidepressants are very common therapeutic agents in medicine. Design and using new antidepressants have built a new scope for depression treatment. Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant but it is used as an anti-smoke agent widely due to its smoke cessation. Its effectiveness in producing smoking cessation seems independent of its antidepressant effects. The study of synaptic effects of bupropion can reveal its mechanism for nicotine dependence cessation. This study has tested the effects of bupropion on evoked responses of rat hippocampal slices.Materials & Methods: 16 hippocampal slices from 18-25 old age rat pops were tested. The hippocampal slices have been prepared according to standard techniques. Bupropion was perfused in ACSF (2 mmol) for 30 minutes. The amplitude of population spikes (PS) amplitude of Stratum Radiatum was measured before and after bupropion perfusion. Amplitude of PS before bupropion perfusion fitted as 100% for baseline.Results: Bupropion (2 mmol) abolished PS of all slices for different periods. PS disappeared in 37.5% of slices for 1 hour, 25% for 1.5 hour, 12.5 % for 2 hour, and 25% for 4 hour or more. Bupropion disappeared PS 5-15 minutes after perfusion.Conclusion: Bupropion abolished or decreased PS amplitude. The results have showed that bupropion can decreases LTP or synaptic plasticity and alters the synaptic behavior in drug dependence.

Population size, distribution and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the population have been the concern of thinkers and planners since the distant past and still have a special place. Considering the interrelationship between population and environmental and geographical forces, in this article population distribution in the geographical area of Iran has been studied. In this regard, the descriptive-analytical research method has been used, General population and housing census statistics, review of library studies and review of high-level documents were used. Finally, demographic strategies were determined in accordance with the environmental conditions and demographic window opportunity in the economic, social, demographic and geographic, environmental and security domains. New population centers should be established in the northeast, center, southeast, and southern coasts of the country according to geographical capabilities, ecological conditions, and in line with the implementation of general population policies. and decentralization of the population center of the capital should be given serious attention. Neglecting strategies based on environmental and population conditions can face the country with environmental destruction and the two phenomena of population aging and youth in the future and increase the country's costs, and turn the population from a factor of development into an obstacle to development.

Background: Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease is a complication being mortal in 90% of cases. Today, Co-60 devices are utilized for the suppression of the lymphocytes to prevent this complication. Due to problems such as radioactive source age, problems in source replacement, and protection risks, we sought to replace a linear accelerator for this purpose and carefully determinate the X-ray dose and other settings.Methods: First, the venous blood of the right-handed people with blood group O+was exposed to different radiation doses of Linac and diluted. The proliferative responses of the exposed cells were examined by MTT assay and TB in comparison with controls after 48h. The average percentage of cell survival at each delivered dose and the required dose of radiation for the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation were checked and the optimal dose of radiation was obtained as 25 Gy in a special radiation condition.Results: The results indicated that the irradiation with 25 Gy at 3.5 Gy/min in the internal mid-plan by compact 6MV for 30*30-field size at an 8 cm-distance of the samples to the source and 1370-monitor unit could completely suppress the lymphocytes. Under the same condition and 1096-monitor unit for total 20 Gy, we did not find optimal results.Conclusions: In this research, we found that a linear accelerator in a specific exposure condition is a suitable alternative for Cobalt-60 sources and the above-mentioned condition of irradiation can be used to overcome the GVHD concern.

Estimation of optimum fertilizer rates is needed because of growing economic and environmental concerns. Optimum fertilizer rates can be determined by fitting statistical models to yield data collected from N fertilizer experiments. The main goal of this research was to compare and evaluate quadratic, square root, Mitscherlich, rectangular hyperbola, linear plus plateau and quadratic plus plateau models for describing the response of sugar beet to N fertilizer. Data used were obtained from a furrow irrigation system experiment with five N fertilizer rates: zero (control), 60, 120, 180, and 240 N kgha-1 with three replications in Ekbatan Research Station, Hamedan, Iran, during 2003 and 2004. Economic optimum N fertilizer rates were obtained based on fertilizer and sugar beet price during 2003 and 2004. Economic, optimum N fertilizer rates varied depending on the fertilizer to crop price ratio and models used. Results of this research showed the quadratic model described the yield responses and economic, optimum N fertilizer rate in sugar beet cultivation better than the other models. Economic, optimum N fertilizer rates due to this model were 235.8 and 248.9 kgha-1 in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Economic optimum N fertilizer rates based on N fertilizer subsidy and non-subsidy prices were 234.7 and 225.1 kgha-1 for 2003 model, and 247.9 and 240.8 kgha-1 for 2004 model, respectively.

introduction population growth and sustainable development has significant relationship. The population event and its consequences led the researches of social fields, and environmentalists to react in various ways. The population restrictionist, stationarist and optimulist, have approached the question differently. The present article' emphasis is on the well proportioned population approach. The idea is that a well proportioned population renders a balance among population, resources and the processes of development, which not only affords for the material and spiritual needs of the members of society. but also guarantees the welfare and happiness of the future generations through optimum exploitation of environment and stable development process. Literature review In some regions with relative or absolute overpopulation, the natural resources have to be used up for consumer expenditures of the increasing population instead of basic and infrastructural investment.In the recent five decades, Iran's population with an average growth rate of 2.45% has been multiplied 3.7 times. Population growth diverts the areas of investment from job creation, production and economic growth and finally the economic development, to consumer expenditures. The expenses of educational, hygienic, and other services, and the most important-the payment of 90 billion dollars subsidies-is an example of this. Moreover, unemployment, poverty, educational and hygienic problems, the destruction and pollution of environment, and decrease in water resources per person are the consequences of population growth in Iran. conclusion Therefore, it is proposed to regard the policy of controlling the population growth to 0.5% increase at the top of the agenda. Fortunately, the comments of the Shiite and the Sunni religious authorities on the legitimacy of birth control prove that this policy is not contradictory to the religious beliefs, as the quality of population is preferred to its quantity.

Stratified sampling is one of the most widely used sampling designs. In some cases, it is up to the researcher to determine the boundaries of the strata, and in some cases, the population is already stratified. The optimal classification is obtained for a situation of strata boundries, where the variance of the population mean (or total) estimator reaches its lowest value. In traditional methods, the variance of the estimator is considered as a function of the strata boiundries for the response variable, in order to reach the minimum of the variance, equations are obtained which are often solved by numerical methods. The first deficiency of this method is not considering all auxiliary variables. For example, in estimating the average income, classifying the society based on factors such as gender and job history can not only increase the efficiency of the estimator, but also make the interpretability and generalizability of the results easier. The second one is complex equations that do not have a closed and understandable solutions n this paper, we have tried to construct the optimal classification based on a new criterion that is a combination of variance and a penalty for increasing the number of strata, so that important auxiliary variables in the formation of the decision tree determine the boundries of the strata. The classification process starts from the saturated tree and with successive pruning until reaching the root node, the number of strata decreases, the optimal stratification is achieved based on the introduced combined criterion.